Gender Subgroup Self-Categorization And Gender Role Self-Concept

Question: With reference to selected feminist theories, critically discuss the argument that both sex and gender are socially constructed. Is this a helpful way to understand how femininities and masculinities are constructed today? Answer: Evolution of Femininities and Masculinities in the society: This assignment is critically based on the argument that both the sex and gender are socially created and their use in feminist work. This assignment also discusses the concepts of femininity and masculinity in analytical perspective. These concepts are used by the society to study the social behavior. The study of gender is having a wide range of framework that helps to research in the study of the behavior. The concept of gender was first developed by Iill Matthews (1984), in the research of construction of femininity. According to this research work, every community distinguishes between the men and women. Thus, the concept of gender determines the role of men and women in the society and selects a particular pattern in their relationship. The patriarchy concept clears the view of male dominance in the society. The concept of gender shows the difference in behavior of men and women in the society and basically analysis of their difference from the biological and social constructio n point of view (Athenstaedt, et. al., 2007). The concept of femininity and masculinity determines a particular male as masculine in behavior and a female as a feminine in behavior. The word gender and sex is used by various feminist writers and researchers to show the biological difference between female and male and social difference between woman and man. Many feminist sociologists convey that there is a need to understand the concept of sex and gender in a larger perspective. Sex The term sex determines the physiological and biological difference between female and male sex. The word sex shows the physical differentiation between the biological female and a biological male. Whenever a child is born, the label of boy or a girl is done on the basis of their sex. The basis of such characterization is the genital differentiation between the female and male. Most people are born with the biological differentiation with one sex or another, except some ambiguous cases. However, it had been evident that after being label as a boy or girl the new born child is socially characterized according to their gender with specific roles and expectations. The biological males are made to learn to act in masculine way and also socially act in that way. The biological female is also learned to act in a feminine way and also socially behave in that way. According to feminist writer Simone de Beauvoir one is not born a man but becomes one. One is not born a woman but becomes o ne (Beres, 2014). Feminist writers like Judith Butler have criticized the views that there is no difference between the female child and male child at the time of birth except their reproductive organs and genitals. The gender construction is made by the society depending on their genitals. To some extent the psychological and social construction has been made by the biological difference. According to Judith Butler, the sex is natural thing but the gender is superimposed upon it by the society following some secondary constructions. Butler further said that sex is itself a social category. Therefore, from his point of view, the difference between female and male is made by the society and it is a social distinction. It is a specific way of dividing and perceiving the difference between female and male. Butler argues that though sex is biological, the term is made by social constructions (Beres, 2014). The biological definition and meaning of sex helps to explain the basic difference in the sex. Butler was concerned about the fact that biology being a part of science shows a social system of representation, as there are many differences among various human beings and apart from that only some basic difference have create divisions between the human beings. In other words, this idea has divided the human beings into two parts, as even though there are differences in the two sexes, there is no rational or logical reason for this. Judith Butler explains that sex is an analytical as well as a normative category. It determines what woman and men are and what they ought to do. It specifies the behavior of women and men. Therefore, Butler concludes that sex is social category but some feminist writers are against it and basically regard sex as a biological term in the nature (Boxer, 2007). As per the research work in sociology, many researchers believe that each individual has one sex, sexuality and one gender. Often the sex means sexuality; it may refer to physiology or biology. A man is assumed to be masculine male and a woman a feminine female. When a child is born, they are categorized as per their gender, thus, is essential to have a clear idea of gender. Gender The term gender became famous in the early 1970 from the feminist writings. In social term, gender describes the difference between the men and women, as what men can do and what women can do or cannot do. Thus, it can be said that gender is an analytical category in the society that is constructed upon the biological difference between men and women. Gender also differentiates the difference between men and women in terms of behavior that is masculine and feminine (Connell, 2005). Feminist writers consider gender as social construction rather than biological difference, which is made by the patriarchal society. Some researchers suggest that the physical and mental difference creates the biological difference in women and men. They also believe that men are biologically men are mentally and physically stronger than women. However, other researchers argue that the biological difference between women and men has been exaggerated and the difference is created by the patriarchal system that determines men superior to women. Thus, women become dependent on the men in the society. Ann Oakley in the book Sex, Gender and Society explored the word gender. Oakley said that in the Western culture the role of women in the society has been determined as mother and house wife, and this role is given to them because of their biological structure. The Western Culture also believes that if these traditional roles are changed, it could cause damage to the basic framework of the society. Thus, Oakley concluded that these views of roles of women help the patriarchal society to maintain their basic values (Folbre, 2009). Simon de Beauvoir in the book The Second Sex explained that the gender difference in the patriarchal society makes the men superior to women through their role as bread winner. The men are given a power in the family as well as in the society. The gender difference is created in such a way that the men are superior and women are always dependent on them. Women position in the society is always as an outsider and the civilization is highly masculine (Mirchandani, 2006). Shulamith Firestone in the book The Dialectics of Sex stated that patriarchy society had exploited the capacity of women to reproduce and determined it as their weakness. The writer further suggested women that in order to break away these traditional barriers technological advances way should be used to free them from the burden of childbirth. The writer advocated breaking down the biological bond between child and mother by creating communes where nuclear family and monogamy does not exists. Some feminist accepts the suggestions of Firestones mainly because the use of technology is still in the hands of men (Fox, 2011). However, the cultural feminist disagrees, and asks whether the difference between women and men are only cultural or it also has a biological perspective. These feminist prefers the value of motherhood as the evidence of natural disposition and would to relinquish it. Ann Oakley said that there is constant link between the sex and gender, and gave the example that in the application forms, people are asked to mention their gender instead of sex. In feminist writing, it is inevitable that there is close connection between gender and the biology or the nature. Recent writings on gender and sex have mentioned that feminist has very much dependent on polarizing gender and sex, determining that they are socially created and could be changed. This discussion is totally based on the fact that how every individual understands various consequences of biological facts with their own cultural values. This also argues that biology contributes to be behavior characteristics of any individual. Movia Gatens has said, The male body and the female body have quite different social value and significance and cannot but help have a marked effect on male and female consciousness (Fox, 2011). The body structure of women have huge role in citing ones gender. The writer gave the example of menstruation and said that women are considered weak due to this factor. The masculinity is not valued unless it is biologically male. Therefore, the male body considers them to be superior in our traditional culture. Judith Butler explained that gender introduces the idea involuntarily functions in the dominant discourses of hetero reality. The writer further states Sex or gender distinction suggests a radical discontinuity between sexed bodies and culturally constructed gender (Fox, 2011). This view asks the question the procedure of constructing gender identity. It is very difficult to accept the rigid difference between gender and sex, whether it is entirely cultural or biological. There is a constant change is the concept of individuals as the gender or sex is a social or biological forces. The debate of gender and sex will continue in favor of biological differences, whereas feminist writers will continue to claim gender and sex as socially created by the institution of religion, family marriage, caste and etc. It has been noted that in past few decades the role of women in the society as well their position in the society has drastically changed and gave new dimensions to feminist writers in terms of gender and sex discussions (Jo, 2014). Deconstructing Sex and Gender It is needed to rethink the concept of sex and gender distinctly in order to determine gender categories as they are socially constructed in various ways. Gender is a vital category that determines the major social life of an individual all aspects of social life. Thus, society has created various bodies and major institutions of society like economy, polity, ideology, family and etc. For any individual, the sex is categorized at the time of birth depending upon the individuals genital. Every gender has its own gender identity, marital and procreative status, gendered sexual orientation, a gendered personality structure, gender at work, gender attitudes and beliefs and respective family responsibility or roles (Jongryul Choi, 2010). These social factors are congruent and consistent with the biological structure of any individual. The normal combination could not be consistent with one another and also with the components of sex and gender; however, these factors could not match up wi th each other and have a binary divide. The official needs of categorizing of infants in the society into a clear label of being a girl or a boy, soon after the time of birth is sometimes considered as unwanted sex assignment. Sex change operations are common in infants who have anomalous genitalia. Feminist are aware of many cases of physiological and biological sexes. The importance of the society in categorizing the sex of infants as female or male shows the practice of clear sex differentiation. Apart from these critical explorations, the difference in sex could be considered as natural process that is in reality constructed by the society (Lucal, 2012). Masculinity and Femininity The gender or sex differences raises the issues of female and male, feminine and masculine, female linked with femininity and male linked with masculinity. These biological constructions create difference between women and men that further rises to social descriptions. Feminist writers believe that biological difference increases the social descriptions of femininity and masculinity. The difference in the individuals character is observed by patters of difference that either feminine or masculine. For example, pink is regarded as a feminine color and blue is regarded as masculine color. Masculine is also regarded as tough and strong. The feminine character is associated with soft and weak character and various other traits that categorize the feminine and masculine gender. The social outcome of being male or female is determined by the masculinity and femininity respectively (Paltasingh and Lingam, 2014). The characteristics and traits that describes difference in women and men, give s more advantage to men over women. Moria Gatens stated that masculinity is not valued until and unless it is performed by biological male. Thus, the male body has certain characteristics and traits of maleness or masculinity. Thus, in human being, male is determined as the supreme. In the same way, femininity is categorized to biological female. The female body has certain characteristics and traits of femaleness or femininity. As per the research of Judith Butler, any concept gives idea about gender performance in terms of femininity and masculinity. Therefore, the performance of gender has entered the society and the dominance of patriarchy gender has evolved at different levels of society as well as in the families. Every individual enters into this gender category of feminine and masculine right from the time of birth (Lucal, 2012). The concept of femininity and masculinity has emerged in the feminist writings showing the difference between women and men. Some of the researcher s states that the difference between women and men are biologically created, whereas some of the researchers disagrees and states that women and men differences are socially constructed. Thus, the body structure of men and masculinity acquires the characteristics of male. The body structure of female and femininity acquires the characteristics of female. In modern writings, there is a concept that the social construction of femininity and masculinity are less distinct. There is wide shift in human beings about the control of gender by social or biological forces. In the present days, women lives have changed rapidly along with their expectations and their responsibilities or roles have broadened. Therefore, it shows how flexible is the category of femininity (Richardson, 2010). The feminist activists are concern about the status of women across the society and try to improve their present conditions. They are committed to understand the traditional aspects of the society and analyze the womens position in the society. However, there are different approaches given by the feminist activists to improve the status of women in the society, they are: Liberal feminism Socialist feminism Radical feminism Eco feminism Marxist feminism New-wave feminism Condition feminism Liberal feminism The liberal feminism was started in the 18th century and it was called the Enlightenment period. In this period there was a strong believe in the individuality and rationality and also known as the time of reason. The period was rejected the religious dogmas and automatic government. Many topics aroused at that time and the crucial topic was status of women in society. Individuality means the freedom of doing what one wishes to without interference from others. Feminist writer Mary Wollstonecraft said Women are first and foremost human being rational creatures and not sexual being. They are capable of governing themselves by reason. Hence, if women are to be denied natural right, then it must be proved that they are not rational creatures (Richardson, 2010). Socialist feminism The socialist feminism is having three types, the Marxian, radical and phenomenological. From the Marxian thoughts social feminism was started and was connected with the radical feminism. Social feminism is also stressed to improve status of women in the society and thus, it also phenomenology describing womens perspective. The main goal of social feminism is to get combination of precision and breadth, and achieve all forms of oppression to explore womens experiences. Hence, the stress is on finding problems of women and then solving them by developing a common agenda for the improving their status in the society (Mazur and McBride, 2007). Radical feminism The radical feminism is a type of philosophy that emphasizes on the roots of patriarchal inequality between women and men or mainly social domination of men over women. The radical feminism believes that patriarchy society has divided the rights, power and privileges by gender and thus, has privileged men and oppressed women. The radical feminist rejects the social organization as it is patriarchy in origin. However, the radical feminism is not against the men but opposes patriarchy. Therefore, they want to change the culture of the society that eradicates the patriarchal society (Vashisth and Kumar, 2014). Summary The concept of gender and sex are used by socialist or feminist writers to study the social behavior of the society. The concept of sex, gender, femininity and masculinity and patriarchy are essential words in gender studies. In this assignment the discussion was about the concept of sex and gender studies. The concept of sex determines the physiological and biological difference between female and male. The feminist writers accept the basic biological difference between women and men but argue that the characteristics and traits of biological female and biological male is constructed by the society. The gender defines the social construction difference between female and male that created by the patriarchal society. In recent feminist writings they accept that the rigid difference between gender and sex as entire cultural or biological is difficult. The gender or the sex are terms that raises the issues of female or male, feminine or masculine, female connected with femininity and male connected with masculinity. These constructions show the biological differences between women and men into social descriptions. Feminist writers state that a biological difference raises the social descriptions of femininity and masculinity and they used the term patriarchy society to refer the social system that is dominated by the men over women. They had given various theories that show the dependence of women upon men in the patriarchy society. The feminist approaches are concerned about the dependence of women in the society and are intended to develop strategies to establish equality and independence of women in the society. Therefore, from this assignment it can be said that the concept of sex and gender was merely constructed by the society on the basis of biological differences between women and men. References: Athenstaedt, U., Heinzle, C. and Lerchbaumer, G. (2007). Gender Subgroup Self-Categorization and Gender Role Self-Concept. Sex Roles, 58(3-4), pp.266-278. Beres, M. (2014). Rethinking the concept of consent for anti-sexual violence activism and education. Feminism Psychology, 24(3), pp.373-389. Boxer, M. (2007). Rethinking the Socialist Construction and International Career of the Concept "Bourgeois Feminism". The American Historical Review, 112(1), pp.131-158. Connell, R. (2005). Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept. Gender Society, 19(6), pp.829-859. Folbre, N. (2009). Varieties of Patriarchal Capitalism. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State Society, 16(2), pp.204-209. Fox, M. (2011). Prototype theory: An alternative concept theory for categorizing sex and gender?. NASKO, 3(1). Jo, J. (2014). Haraway's Cyborg Feminism from the Perspective of Practice Theory : On the Concept of Material-Semiotic Practices. jstc, 30, p.1. Jongryul Choi, (2010). A Society of Unconditional Expenditure 2 : Implosion of the Patriarchal Family and Eroticization of Society. , 8(1), pp.128-173. Lucal, B. (2012). Book Review: Sex, Drag and Male Roles: Investigating Gender as Performance. Gender Society, 26(4), pp.678-680. Mazur, A. and McBride, D. (2007). State Feminism since the 1980s: From Loose Notion to Operationalized Concept. Pol Gender, 3(04). Mirchandani, R. (2006). "Hitting is not Manly": Domestic Violence Court and the Re-Imagination of the Patriarchal State. Gender Society, 20(6), pp.781-804. Paltasingh, T. and Lingam, L. (2014). 'Production' and 'Reproduction' in Feminism: Ideas, Perspectives and Concepts. IIM Kozhikode Society Management Review, 3(1), pp.45-53. Richardson, J. (2010). Feminism, Property in the Person and Concepts of Self. British Journal of Politics International Relations, 12(1), pp.56-71. Vashisth, A. and Kumar, A. (2014). The Evolution of Feminism: Comparison of Adaptation and By-Product Concepts. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 24(3), pp.267-280.

The Strategic Marketing Mix

Introduction Marketing mix is an amalgamation of elements which are essential for marketing and for promotion of the product or service. It is a framework and a useful business tool for analyzing, interpreting and hence executing marketing strategies. It is a determinant to enhance the market share, achieve exponential growth and create a wave of brand image into the minds of customer base. The Australian company Halfbrick Studios, located in Brisbane adopts a perfect blend of marketing mix in order to target the customers globally by aiming at global competency and introducing various games which had a perfect balance of each domain of marketing mix. The Company Profile Halfbrick Studios is a video game developer company who have developed some of the most interesting games like Fruit Ninja, Jetpack Joyride or Age of Zombies etc which spread like viral across the game enthusiasts around the globe. The customer base of the company is rising at a highly exponential rate of 750,000 per day. This is really a surprising figure of data and hence we will focus our study towards the marketing strategies and the 4P of marketing mix on Halfbricks Studios company. The innovation at company results into a perfect recipe which includes price, promotion, product and place as its key ingredients. The company calls for Halfbrick Fridays five to seven times a year when all the employees of all the departments in the company come together over a platform for innovation. Brainstorming sessions are carried out and outcome of these sessions are the innovative gaming ideas and methodologies which influences and attracts the whole world and make them glued to their smartphones. The strategies adopted by the company lies inherently in the style of coding which is hardcore, well constructed, and is based over a uniform platform of C++. Marketing Mix of Halfbricks Studios There are 4 Ps initially defined for the marketing mix are product, price, place and promotion. The company is dynamically updating the strategies for the marketing mix to incorporate the changing demands, needs, styles of the target customers. The strategies are timely updated and monitored by the managing heads in order to best fit the market. The prices of the products or say games are manipulated to earn maximum profits but also create sense of excitement and want in the minds of customers. The introduction of free Fruit Ninja game was one of the strategies of the company to make players addictive and hence buy the game later on to unlock the new arenas of excitement. This was an essential use of price attribute of the marketing mix. Even other games are present to the target customers at a minimal price and hence they are able to sustain the magic of the company and yet have become one of the most well known companies to fly a splash over the world market of gaming. The place of their operations, i.e. Brisbane is highly appreciated by the team all over the world where ever they go for business purpose as being really supportive and cordial for the success of the company. The organization considers Brisbane as a part of their identity and an essential part of the marketing strategy of the company. There were plethora of possibilities for business expansion but a great decision by the team was to remain functional from Brisbane itself because they love the culture and the atmosphere of the city which is a catalyst for their exponential growth and progress prospective. The price attribute undergoes various changes for targeting the upcoming markets but, the place attribute of marketing mix is still stable for functioning and this epic decision have made wonders happen to the organization. The products or games developed by the company are world famous and are being played by millions of users around the globe. Fruit Ninja itself has thirty million downloads a ll over the world and hence is grossing for enormous profits for the organization. The promotional aspect is widely focused upon by transforming the business concepts and models to align with the demands of the customer base. Earlier on the launch, most of the revenues were just from the commissions to create games for Playstation. Now, an ecosystem comprising of digital strategies and promotional aspects using the digital technologies to continuously evolve the distribution strategies. One of the most innovative promotion tricks and techniques were aiming at merchandising the game and its exciting heroes or features. For example, Fruit Ninja was highly popularized by various other games, fruit snacks, clothing range, plush toys and various other related merchandise for it. Hence, the company is digitally manipulating the target consumers and overpowering their mindset with a perfect blend of reasonable cost, place of functioning, high quality, attractive and gluing product games and innovative marketing promotional strategies adopted by the organization. By this ways the company has evolved from the cocoon of dormancy to become the leaders of the world in terms of gaming and equipment by gaining a competitive advantage over others of the genre. The needs of the customers are well mapped with the quality and interface of the high quality graphic games designed by the company and therefore, have an edge over their competitors. The culture of the organization is fun-filled and innovative to regards and acknowledge ideas and suggestions to improve and work upon products to make them fine day by day. People are assets and selection procedure of the company selects the best suited and cultural fit employees to work for innovation and coding of the company. The process is brainstorming of ideas and coming out with a fresh new concept to be implemented effectively and so that the strategy and idea can be mapped into the effective applications and games giving rise to more effective games like fruit Ninja to capture the world by its amazing aura. Into the competition There are various competitors for the company present in Australia namely Acheron Design, Redtribe, Tantalus Media and Torus Games. Torus games was developed in 1994 and have provided games like Rise of the Guardians, Monster Jam, barbie, Scooby-Doo etc. The advantage that the company has over the Halfbricks Studio is that it provides games for numerous platforms which outperforms the company under study. In addition, they also create engines and tools to concentrate over the superior content, quality and cross platform design and development. They lack innovative design strategies and do not provide free games in order for gaining profits by revenue collection like Halfbricks. So, in terms of price Halfbricks is ahead of Torus games due to huge success of Fruit Ninja and Age of Zombies over Rise of Guardians. This was a result of price attribute of marketing mix. The process for Halfbricks is innovative by inclusion of Halfbrick Fridays and is based completely over coding in C++ but development of tools and engines with the games and a wide coverage of gaming consoles is an advantage of Torus. The place attribute cannot be much compared as both are located in Australia but Halfbrick being in Brisbane and Torus in Melbourne, there is a factor or competitive advantage. Regarding promotion, both uses digital marketing, but Torus games believes on the concept of Push or Pull and serves the customers internationally via social media or help present in England to cover up vast areas. The Change Story Hence, it is prominent that the marketing mix is an excellent strategy to have a deep insight into the mindset and strategies of the organization and in this dynamic world, the organizations are adopting and adapting to changing practices and policies of marketing in order to expand their and to attract numerous customers into their pockets. It is a critical aspect of producing a required product using efficient processes by harnessing the talent resources of the people of the organization in an open environment and culture and by introducing the product at the right market and with a reasonably good price and with effective and innovative promotion practices and techniques to service the customers and to win their future collaboration.

Sample College Essay Format - Who Should Use It?

Sample College Essay Format - Who Should Use It?What is the best sample college essay format? Well, this depends on what sort of student you are and how well prepared you are to write it.The sample college essay that I usually recommend is the one written by Zora Neale Hurston. She was a big influence on many of us in the 1960s, when the Civil Rights Movement really took off, and she wrote about black women's life experiences, and their struggles to make it in America.Her essay is about 'Silent Cal', a large black woman who came from the Deep South, and, we all know, the United States had been segregation then. She comes to the school in 'Silent Cal' and teaches a bunch of African American girls to speak out against racism, and bigotry.You will find that she is never critical of whites or men in America. Although she does write about how the women in the 'silent cal' group are looking down on the other girls, she also tells us that they still respect her, because she is a man.This is another great example of a sample college essay. Of course, most of us don't have women professors who can take our assignment and rewrite it for us, so we do not need to hire a woman. But, I think it would be a shame if someone did not use her as a sample, since she truly captures the spirit of what a college essay should be.I also like the Sampler College Essay by Sylvia Plath. She writes about the narrator of her story, who is a pregnant young woman. She cannot afford to have an abortion, but she feels guilty for being pregnant and decides that she would rather die rather than have a baby.She is killed by a man named Dr. Gonzo, who has had her drugged and locked in his hotel room for two weeks. He makes her drink one glass of wine after another, until she vomits up the baby. Then he kills her and then takes a swing at a doctor while he is still in the room.Both of these stories show how women's stories have become a part of American Literature. They are part of a tradition of bl ack women writing about their lives, and their hopes and dreams.

How does Shakespeare use language in Hamlet to teach the reader valuable lessons in life Essay Example

How does Shakespeare use language in Hamlet to teach the reader valuable lessons in life Paper Shakespeares tragedy , Hamlet is written during the Elizabethan period . The tragedy , Hamlet was written at a time of intellectual and political controversy . Hamlets popularity is global and it is one of Shakespeares frequently performed plays. Hamlets popularity is due to its artistic exuberance, rich and varied incidents, characters and language. Shakespeare has deep insight into human nature and can intrigue and excite the reader or the audience . Shakespeares plays are written specially to be acted on the stage . Performances took place in the open air and spectators were seated all around the stage. Shakespeare richly depicts his interest in his own profession . Obvious examples include the players and the play-within-a-play to reveal Claudiuss guilt resonates with the language and the imagery of the theatre . Shakespeares Tragedy Hamlet, Prince of Denmark is based on a 12th century tale by Saxo Grammaticus, which Shakespeare most certainly never saw, and is part of a spate of revenge dramas which were extremely popular around the turn of the seventeenth century. Hamlet was written in the 17th Century . In Elizabethan times revenge was taught to be noble and man made . According to the Elizabethans there could only be order only if man could control his passions . During the Elizabethan times elevated passages reflected philosophical thoughts . These thoughts were often spoken in verse . Rhyme was also used to convey the anxiety and passion . There was no real scenery and so setting was created through magic words . In Elizabethan times tragedy only occurred when the person was initially good and there is some tragic flaw in him which leads to his downfall . We will write a custom essay sample on How does Shakespeare use language in Hamlet to teach the reader valuable lessons in life specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How does Shakespeare use language in Hamlet to teach the reader valuable lessons in life specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How does Shakespeare use language in Hamlet to teach the reader valuable lessons in life specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Shakespeare has cleverly used soliloquies in his plays to express the characters feelings in that situation. Using soliloquy was a literary tradition used in the olden plays to make all the readers be engrossed in the play and so that they can get in to the most possible depth and understand the hidden meaning . A kind of inner debate is portrayed through the use of soliloquies. The reader is able to gain direct experience of Hamlets inner world. to be or not to be The complexity of his thoughts and ambiguity of his actions appear life like . His intellectual energy and alertness made the action more comprehensible. Shakespeares language complexes the reader but it has deep meaning in them . He uses similes and metaphors that are the lifeblood in all his plays . In Hamlet imagery has been used, descriptive style has been used through out the play . The language used by Shakespeare is full of variety , sometimes enigmatic . Shakespeare genius and mastery of language helped the reader to appreciate Hamlets inner turmoil and to share his trauma . This play is a family drama and since we are all family members, it sustains our interest . The focus is on family relationships like brother , sister ,father and son, daughter and mother, etc . We also understand the importance of friendship , In this play in the 1ST Act the reader is informed that the King of Denmark was murdered by His own brother Claudius . Claudius wanted to rule Denmark and so fulfilled his greed by murdering his own brother . Shakespeare also includes super natural element his fathers ghost . His fathers ghost commands him to take his revenge. So this play depicts the sons turmoil and how he delays to take his actions. To obey our parents is the primary duty of each and every child . A child is been taught till today in school that he should always respect his elders and obey them as they will be successful in their lives if they are obedient and can also pass this on to the next generation . Shakespeare conveys the lesson of being obedient through many ways . One of the ways is when Leartes warns Ophelia about Hamlet . A violet in the youth of primary nature , Forward not permanent , sweet, not lasting. The inward service of the mind and soul Grows wide withal . In this case colours have been created here through the words violet . Images of the spring season have been created . Shakespeare uses this phrase as it was proverbial as well as associated with love . This is one of the ways Shakespeare involved the reader in the play . Adjectives have also been used in this line sweet . All this is done to create an image in the readers eyes . These lines emphasizes that Hamlets love was short lived and not lasting because as Hamlet grew up he became wiser . The words youth of primary nature emphasizes that love is youthful and not long-lasting. Leartes also cautions Ophelia His greatness weighed , his will is not his own For he himself is subject to his birth For on his choice depends The safety and the wealth of this whole state. Leartes makes Ophelia aware that as he is the king he has to please everyone . Hamlet cant choose to marry because he is the prince and he has to marry in the interest of the state. Leartes is a typical protective brother as he warns her of Hamlet. We learn from this the relationship of the brother and sister . He also says Fear it Ophelia , fear it my dear sister. And keep you in the rear of your affection Out of the shot and danger of desire This line tells the reader that Leartes warns her that Hamlet might take advantage of her innocence . Shakespeare cleverly uses images of treasure , war , masks and disease as sexual metaphors when Leartes warns his sister against losing her virginity to Hamlet or lose your heart or your chaste treasure open to this unmastered opportunity . This is a lesson to the reader that he should always listen to his elders as they are more experienced and know more than us . Polonius even warns Ophelia about Hamlet and this part even shows us the importance of being obedient and always listening to our elders . Shakespeare has used a variety of language techniques here to make the reader learn valuable lesson about obedience . Shakespeare begins with a Rhetorical Question . What is between you ? Give me up the truth . Polonius too warns Ophelia to stay away from Hamlet as he could deceive her at any moment and as he was the king his primary duty was to look after the needs of the people . Shakespeare also uses a simile . Affection ? pooh ! You speak like a green girl . A green girl is a girl who is inexperienced . So Shakespeare uses this to compare Ophelia to an inexperienced girl . This word green refers to the reader as he too is inexperienced and he should always listen to his elders . Shakespeare creates stunning imagery which helps the reader visualize the situation . Or not to crack the wind of the poor phrase The image is of a horse or over exertion of a hound which will get the stitch . Shakespeare has used strong comparisons . Ay, springs to catch woodcocks Wood cock was a foolish bird that fell into snares . So in this case he compares Ophelia to a woodcock . When the blood burns , how prodigal the soul Lends the tongue vows He tells her that in youth any body will say anything , but it is up to her that she should not believe them set your entreatments at a higher rate Than a command to parle Polonius tells her that she should have her own dignity. Its very important for a person to have his or her dignity because others will respect him / her . She should also be at a commanding position. for Lord hamlet , Believe so much in him that he is young, Do not believe his vows . For they are brokers. He warns Ophelia that she should be careful of Hamlet as he could take advantage of her innocence . In this case Shakespeare uses comparison again . This time he compares Hamlet to brokers . I appreciate his comparison as Polonius was confident that Hamlet would break her daughters heart and all the vows and promises they had taken . Ophelia unwillingly acknowledges her father and replies I shall obey my lord . I appreciate her courage as she is ready to sacrifice her love and submits herself to her fathers instructions . There is one more character who shows the reader that he is loyal to his father . That is Hamlet . In Act 1 scene 5 Shakespeare has made use of supernatural elements his fathers ghost. His father commanded him to take revenge against the serpent that did sting thy fathers life now wears the crown He promised his father that he will take revenge. Hamlet was in a state of confusion whether or not take the revenge . He knew that it taking away a persons life was not in his hands , it was all on All Mighty . His conscience prevented him to do such a devious thing. Still he took revenge to show the reader that he obeys his father. Another way we know about his obedience is when his fathers ghost tells him Taint not thy mind , nor let my soul contrive Against thy mother aught. Leave her to heaven. His fathers ghost commanded him to leave his mother alone to the heaven. When he had a conversation with his mother , he never harmed her but persuaded her to introspect herself. He also forced her to confess that she was responsible for his fathers death. Confess yourself to heaven. Friendship is an in-depth relationship combining trust, support, communication, loyalty, understanding, empathy, and intimacy. In friendship trust lies on each other and they share their feelings with each other . One lesson which we learn is about friendship . Shakespeare has conveyed this lesson for the reader through many ways . One of the way is through Leartes and Polonius . In this situation Leartes is departing to France and Polonius instructs him about what kind of friends he should have . These instructions resembles of a typical father who advices his son when he goes out for future studies . The first thing Polonius tells him The wind sits in the shoulder of your sail . Shakespeare uses stunning language techniques when he portrays some very valuable lessons which could be applied in our lives. He makes use of Personification here . Polonius tries to tell Leartes that nature is favoring him that he should go out of the country to study . Shakespeare gives the wind the quality to sit . look thou character. Give thy thoughts no tongue. This line emphasizes that a person should think before he / she speak because if you dont think the other person might have a wrong impression about you . This is a lesson for the reader that he should think before he speaks . Be thou familiar , but by no means vulgar. Those friends thou hast and their adoption to them Grapple them unto thy soul with hoops of steel Harsh words have been used by Shakespeare vulgar. Shakespeare has used harsh words so that the reader learns that a person should not be rude in friendship and you should not offend your friends as they are an integral part of your life . This line conveys the message that we should be pleasant in our friendship when dealing with others and that we should not become cheap with the common people . The 2nd sentence teaches the reader that we should not be overfriendly with someone as there could be disagreements between friends . But do not dull thy palm with entertainment . Negative words like dull have been used to emphasize on the point that your friendship should not be meaningless . We should also be very selective while choosing our friends. We should not be with bad company but with true friends who will help us out . So we should only shake our hands with those people who are our true friends . This is again a lesson for the reader. be aware of entrance to quarrel . but being in beart that th opposed may be aware of thee . Give every man thine ear, but few thy voice Take each mans censure , but reserve thy judgement Harsh words like quarrel used by Shakespeare to depict the fact that in friendship there should be no fights. Words like beware used to caution the reader that quarrel should not exists in friendship . In the 2nd quote the line emphasizes that a man should always listen more and talk less. Another lesson it tells the reader that he should take advice from other people . At last Shakespeare has also used a simile And it must follow , as the night the day . Shakespeares compares that just as the day follows the night , Leartes should also follow the instructions given to him . I appreciate his use of similes , comparisons as they help the reader to visualize the situation . The other characters that depict the importance of friendship are Horatio and Hamlet . Horatio was Hamlets close friend . A friend is whom we share our feelings and they are the ones who give us suggestions if we are facing any crisis . Horatio also warns Hamlet when he was following a ghost : Do not my lord What if it tempt you toward the flood , my lord, Or to the dreadful summit of the cliff Horatio warns him that he should not believe in hallucinations as it could harm him or drive him into madness . This shows his concern for his friend. Horatio used to support Hamlet at every ups and downs . A friend is someone who we can trust up on. Horatio was worthy to be trusted by Hamlet . The reader knows about it in the 1st Act when Hamlet tells them to swear that they wont tell anything about the ghost. Ay by heaven my lord . Horatio kept his secret and till the end he did not tell it to anyone. Hamlet used to admire Hamlet and he shows his admiration as a true friend . Hamlet tells Horatio about friendship and tells him to support him. He tells Horatio For what advancement may I hope from thee , That no revenge hast but thy good spirits Shakespeare has used adjectives while teaching us valuable lessons in life so that its descriptive and it captures the readers attention. good spirits. Hamlet tells to Horatio that he should be friendly with him and not betray him in any way or the other . Hamlet also shares his inner conflict with Horatio. He tells Him Sir in my heart there was a kind of fighting- This shows true friendship as Hamlet shares his emotional disturbance with Horatio as he feel secured with him . Harsh words have been used by Shakespeare fighting to depict Hamlets inner disturbance . Shakespeare has also used characters who dont value friendship at all they are Rosencrantz and Guildenstern . They are a contrast to Hamlet and Horatios friendship . They are the ones who try to deceive Hamlet but failed . They were sent by the King to find about the reason for his madness . Hamlet wanted a friend who would be true to him and not deceive him . By what more dear a better prosper can charge your withal . Shakespeare uses simile to compares those characters who did not value friendship- Rosencrantz and Guildenstern He keeps them like an ape an apple . He compares these two to an apple kept so that the King could extract all information from them . The reader also learns the importance of prayer . Prayer is very necessary as we should thank God for all we have . We should also confess to God if we have done something wrong . Claudius is guilty of what he has done and confesses to God . Poetic language used by Shakespeare to show that Claudius was really guilty To wash it white as snow? Where to serves mercy But to confront the visage of offence? He has used similes white as snow . He wants God to wash away all his sins completely . What then ? What rests? What it can it not Shakespeare has used Rhetorical Questions in the play to depict the reader that his state of mind was in confusion . Imagery has been created through Shakespeares choice of words heart with strings of steel The reader imagines his heart strings have hardened to steel as a result of the crime . Introspection is necessary as a person would be able to find out whether was he correct or wrong . It was a literary tradition to convey the character of the person . This above all :to thine own self be true . This is the most important line as it portrays that whatever we do , we should be answerable to conscience . If we do something superior than we will be able to answer our conscience and will not be ashamed of what we have done. In Hamlet Shakespeare has used Soliloquy to tell us about the characters feelings at that time and this helps us to judge the character of Hamlet. o what a rogue am I Hamlet humiliates himself . He also asks himself questions am I coward? who calls me villain? He condemns himself for not taking any action against Claudius . why , what an ass am I. Shakespeare has used rhetorical questions which depict the reader the state of confusion he was in and the inner conflict he was facing at that situation. Hamlet asks himself many questions through out the play. to be or not to be- Hamlet was wondering to take the revenge or not. This is an important lesson to the reader that he should ask himself a string of questions to test whether he was right or wrong .

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